Worker Classification: Avoiding Liability for Misclassification
Related Practice: Employment
Cost-Savings Incentive to Misclassify Workers
It can be very tempting for an employer to classify a worker as an “independent contractor” or an unpaid intern or trainee instead of an “employee” because of the cost savings. For each “employee,” the employer is obligated to pay minimum wage and to compensate the employee for overtime. The employer must also pay taxes and the cost of benefits for each employee. None of these requirements applies to an independent contractor, however, making this classification a much less expensive option. As a result, misclassifying workers as independent contractors can be very attractive to employers.
Increased Government Attention on Worker Misclassification
However, government agencies have taken notice and misclassification has become a hot issue. Around the country, legal practitioners are seeing an increase in the number of employee class action lawsuits, along with an increase in court rulings favoring employees.
Beginning in 2010, the U.S. Department of Labor initiated a “Misclassification Initiative” in which it entered into memoranda of understanding with several states to coordinate enforcement efforts and to share information between the state and federal agencies about non-compliant companies. Washington is among the states that have agreed to share information with the Department of Labor in an effort to cooperate in the crackdown.
The Internal Revenue Service has also been ramping up efforts to ensure that employees are not misclassified as independent contractors. The IRS cares about this because of the loss of revenue from income tax withholdings, which apply only to employees, not to independent contractors. If you are unsure of the classification of a worker, you can submit an application, IRS Form SS-8, for a free-of-charge determination about the worker’s status for federal tax purposes. Employers should still consult with an attorney, however, to confirm worker status for federal tax purposes or to determine worker status for other purposes, such as complying with state and federal minimum wage laws.
Consequences of Misclassification Can Be Severe for Employers
Employers found to have misclassified workers as independent contractors rather than “employees” face severe penalties, including:
- Government audits & retroactive payment and penalties for payroll taxes & employer contributions for entire period of misclassification
- Employee lawsuits, often class actions; double damages
- Anti-discrimination laws
- Agency liability to third parties
- Overtime pay for entire period of misclassification
- Expense reimbursement, mileage and company benefits for entire period of misclassification
- Health care benefits with Affordable Care Act (penalties)
Employers cannot avoid or accomplish compliance merely by deciding to classify a worker as an independent contractor. Whether a worker is an independent contractor must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Multiple Standards for Determining Worker Status
There is no one single test under the Internal Revenue Code for classifying workers as either employees or independent contractors. Though the area of law is governed by statute, the classification of workers is largely a determination under the common law. The IRS has identified 20 common-law factors to be considered in this determination. Revenue Ruling 87-41 (October 30, 1996). No single factor is determinative on its own. When considered together, the factors point to the following items as evidence of the true nature of the relationship:
- Independent Contractor Agreement, negotiating history and the parties’ intent
- Company policies and procedures
- Training and supervision
- Statement of work and comparison to work performed by company employees
- Day-to-day logistics, independence and opportunities for financial gain
- Infrastructure: equipment and location
- Compensation method and timing
- Duration of the relationship
In Washington, common law historically followed the “right of control” test, which focused on who had the right to control the worker’s day-to-day activities and performance of the work. However, in July 2012, the Washington Supreme Court held that the “economic realities” test used under the Fair Labor Standards Act also applies to cases brought under the Washington Minimum Wage Act. The key question has, thus, become “whether, as a matter of economic reality, the worker is economically dependent upon the alleged employer or is instead in business for himself.”
The “economic realities” test includes six factors:
- the permanence of the working relationship between the parties;
- the degree of skill the work entails;
- the extent of the worker’s investment in equipment or materials;
- the worker’s opportunity for profit or loss;
- the degree of the alleged employer’s control over the worker; and
- whether the service rendered by the worker is an integral part of the alleged employer’s business.
Bottom line: Employers deciding whether a worker qualifies as an independent contractor should consult with an attorney and audit worker classifications regularly.